People who are considering becoming a kidney donor must carefully weigh the potential risks and benefits of donating a kidney.
Although the surgery itself is often a major component of this decision, other factors such as medical risks, the cosmetic result, and socioeconomic factors also play an important role in the decision-making process, as described in detail in this section.
Immediate/Surgical Risks
The following is a comprehensive list of complications that may occur surrounding the surgery to donate a kidney:
- Pain
- Infection (such as pneumonia or wound infection)
- Blood clot
- Reaction to anesthesia
- Death (Worldwide mortality rate for living kidney donors is 0.03% to 0.06%)
- Conversion to open nephrectomy
- Need for re-operation (such as for bleeding)
- Re-admission to hospital
- Hernia
- Intestinal obstruction
- Testicular swelling and discomfort (male donors)
Percent of Living Kidney Donors in the US Who Experience Various Complications
Long-Term/Medical Risks
Kidney donors typically experience a 20 to 30 percent decrease in kidney function (as measured by the glomerular filtration rate) after donation. The remaining kidney compensates for the loss of one kidney, through a process called hyperfiltration. Other complications that may occur in the long-term following surgery to donate a kidney include:
- Developing a disease that could affect the function of the remaining kidney such as:
- Diabetes
- High blood pressure
- Obesity
- Natural decline in kidney function as get older
- Developing end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
- Increase in the amount of protein spilled into the urine
- Chronic pain
- Nerve damage
Psychosocial, Socioeconomic and Emotional Risks
Considering living donation can be scary and challenging for the potential donor.
On one hand, the potential donor may be worried about their potential recipient or may feel guilty about the health problems that person is experiencing. On the other hand, the potential donor will likely feel stress and concern related to the possibility of donating their organ, which requires them to undergo surgery themselves.
The good news is that most potential donors have similar questions and concerns. Dedicated donor teams – including transplant coordinators, physicians, social workers, and psychiatrists – are well-versed in helping potential donors answer these questions for themselves and cope with any issues that arise.
Some concerns expressed by many potential donors include:
- Who will take care of me/my children after I donate?
- Am I responsible for uncovered expenses such as travel expenses, childcare, elder care, etc.?
- What do I do if I feel coerced into donating? (See our Frequently Asked Questions section for more information on this topic.)
- Will my employer allow me to take the needed time off and/or will my job be stable while I am gone?
- How will I feel if my recipient does not do as well as expected after the transplant or if they do not comply with their post-transplant regimen?
- How will I feel if my recipient is not "grateful enough" for what I went through to donate my kidney?
- How will I feel if the transplanted organ fails?
Living kidney donors may be at risk for experiencing the following:
- Disappointment if donating does not improve your relationship with your recipient.
Potential donors should not have an expectation of improving relationships by donating. - Depression, anxiety, or post-traumatic stress disorder after donation
- Effect of donating on career.
Careers potentially affected by having a single kidney: military, law enforcement, firefighter - Effect of donation on hobbies.
Donors should avoid sports with a high risk of collision (such as boxing, martial arts, football, field/ice hockey, lacrosse, rodeo, soccer, wrestling). If a donor chooses to participate in any of the activities mentioned above, they should be extra careful and wear protective padding to ensure protection of the remaining kidney. - Insufficient support — physical, emotional, logistical, financial
Financial Aspects of Living Donation
Many potential kidney donors have questions regarding the financial impact of becoming a donor. There will be both covered expenses (paid by the intended recipient's insurance) and non-covered expenses associated with evaluation and donation that potential donors need to consider carefully.
Covered Expenses
The insurance of the intended recipient of your kidney (Medicare or private health insurance) covers the testing needed to see whether or not you can be a donor (called the evaluation process) as well as the surgery and hospitalization needed for the kidney donation.
In general, some follow-up/post-operative care is covered, but not all. The extent of covered follow-up care will vary depending on your recipient's insurance.
Non-Covered Expenses
In general, the following expenses are not covered by insurance, so should be considered "out-of-pocket" costs:
- Travel and hotel stay
- Childcare
- Elder care
- Follow-up costs (varies, see above)
- Lost wages (note: in some cases, donors may receive paid leave from their employer) (potential options include sick leave, state disability, and Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA))
- Federal Employees 30 days paid leave for organ donation
- State Employees varies by state. For more information, download the Donor Leave Laws and Tax Deductions/Credits for Living Donors from the National Kidney Foundation.
- American Society of Transplantation's list of organizations that provide paid leave
Why Do Donors Need Health Insurance if the Recipient's Insurance Pays for Everything?
All donors are required to have health insurance in the event that any medical issues/diagnoses arise during the course of their evaluation to be a donor.
In this instance, the recipient's insurance does not cover the donor's medical expenses, so the potential donor must have health insurance in place to ensure that they will be covered in such a circumstance.
Kidney donation may also be considered a pre-existing condition. Although current law largely prohibits the denial of insurance based on pre-existing conditions, some insurance companies are still allowed to deny coverage for this reason. This is another reason why obtaining health insurance prior to donation is important.
Impact on Insurability
In some cases, having been a kidney donor can impact the donor's ability to obtain both health insurance and life insurance. Therefore, it is highly recommended that people considering donation obtain these types of insurance prior to becoming a donor.
Tax Deductions
New York: there is a $ 10,000 organ donation tax deduction. Living donors can deduct up to $10,000 on their state income taxes for donation-related expenses such as travel, lodging, and lost wages. To learn more about tax deductions and credits for living donors, visit the National Kidney Foundation Web site.
Legal Issues Related to Payment for Donation
The National Organ Transplantation Act of 1984 specifically prohibits the exchange of "valuable consideration" for a human organ ("It shall be unlawful for any person to knowingly acquire, receive, or otherwise transfer any human organ for valuable consideration for use in human transplantation").
Therefore, it is illegal to sell organs; if this occurs, it is punishable by fines, imprisonment, or both.
However, the payment of "the expenses of travel, housing, and lost wages incurred by the donor of a human organ in connection with the donation of the organ" is expressly permitted by section 301 of NOTA.
Learn more about the National Organ Transplantation Act (pdf).
Scarring/Cosmetic Risks
Since the mid-to-late 1990's, advances in surgical techniques have dramatically improved the cosmetic result following living kidney donation.
Below, you can view pictures of scars from donors who have had the different types of surgical procedures to remove their kidney. Seeing this progression helps you to appreciate how much less invasive today's procedures are when compared to the open donor nephrectomy, and also demonstrates how these techniques have led to a significant reduction in the donor's recovery time.
Laparoendoscopic Single Site Donor Nephrectomy Scar
The current standard of care at NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell, a pioneering center of this technique.
Laparoscopic Donor Nephrectomy Scar
The way the donor surgery is currently performed at most centers that do not yet perform laparoendoscopic single site surgery.
Open Donor Nephrectomy Scar
The way the donor surgery was performed up until the mid- to late-1990's
Benefits of Kidney Donation
In many ways, the benefits of kidney donation are personal and cannot be known by anyone other than the person that is donating or has donated.
Each donor's motivations may vary greatly and each donor has a unique experience as they go through the journey of donating their kidney, from the initial decision to be evaluated as a potential donor to years after the donation occurs.
The following information has been compiled from various research studies that have attempted to quantify the benefits and/or quality of life of kidney donors as a result of the donation.
To summarize the key findings:
- Kidney donors tend to have higher quality of life scores after donation, as compared to the general population. This may be related to an increase in the donor's self-esteem and an increased sense of well-being.
- Donors have similar or improved psychosocial health after donation.
In addition, the intense screening process that donors must undergo has helped some potential donors receive diagnoses that may benefit from early intervention, such as cancer.
At times, screening has led to early detection of the potential donor's own medical issues such as kidney disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, and cardiac disease, which can benefit from early diagnosis and intervention.