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The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine has been protecting women from cervical cancer since 2006, when the first version of the vaccine became available.
A second HPV vaccine was approved in 2009. But the third, approved in 2014, is the most effective of all. It targets nine different strains of the virus, including those covered by the first two vaccines.
Two of these nine subtypes are HPV-16 and HPV-18. These viral villains are the most common causes of cervical cancer, among other HPV-related cancers and conditions, says Dr. Aviram Mizrachi, an Associate Professor of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery at Weill Cornell Medicine who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of head and neck tumors, both cancerous and benign.
That disease is the virus’s best-known consequence, but HPV can also cause the following:
“Before the introduction of the latest version of the HPV vaccine, the virus was extremely widespread. Roughly 80 percent of sexually active individuals acquired an HPV infection at some point in their lives,” Dr. Mizrachi says. “Cervical cancer was the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide, with an estimated 14 million new cases each year.”
People with HPV-related oral or pharyngeal cancer typically become infected through sexual activity as well, he explains, especially through oral sex.
Early vaccination, ideally before a youngster becomes sexually active, will provide maximum protection against all the above-listed cancers. It’s recommended for children at age 11 or 12, but it can be given to a child as young as 9.
Adults up to age 26 should be vaccinated if they missed it earlier, he advises. Those between 27 and 45 should consult with their healthcare provider to assess their risk and the potential benefit of receiving the vaccine.
The current HPV vaccine, Gardasil 9, protects against the virus’s nine most common strains, including the two high-risk cancer-causing subtypes (16 and 18). It’s nearly 100 percent effective in preventing infections and precancerous growths when administered before potential exposure—i.e., before the youngster becomes sexually active.
“Protection is long-lasting,” Dr. Mizrachi says, “with studies showing no evidence of waning immunity for at least ten years after vaccination.”
The HPV vaccine has undergone rigorous testing and continues to be monitored for safety.
Common side effects are mild and temporary, including pain or swelling at the injection site, headache and fever. Serious side effects are extremely rare.
The following strategies complement vaccination and help to create a comprehensive approach to HPV prevention:
The use of barrier protection, such as a condom or dental dam, can reduce the risk of HPV transmission. These don’t offer complete protection, however, as HPV can infect areas not covered by these barriers.
Limiting your number of sexual partners, or choosing partners who have had fewer partners, may reduce your risk of exposure as well.
Pap smears and HPV testing are essential for early detection of cervical changes that could lead to cancer.
Screenings don’t prevent infection, but they can catch precancerous changes early, allowing for timely treatment.
Teaching adolescents and young adults about HPV transmission, symptoms and prevention can empower them to make informed decisions.
Encouraging open conversations between parents or caregivers and children about sexual health is also key.
Smoking has been linked to a higher risk of cervical cancer in HPV-positive individuals. Quitting smoking can help to reduce that risk.
Prenatal screening and monitoring during pregnancy can help to detect and manage conditions like recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP), which may be transmitted from mother to child during birth.
“The HPV vaccine remains the most effective preventive tool of all,” Dr. Mizrachi says, “but the above measures can further reduce risk and improve outcomes.”
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